Converts factor levels or labelled values to numeric. For factors, uses the underlying integer codes (or the numeric value of levels if they are numeric strings). For labelled variables, extracts the underlying numeric values.
Usage
to_numeric(
data,
...,
use_labels = TRUE,
start_at = NULL,
keep_labels = FALSE,
use.labels = NULL,
start.at = NULL,
keep.labels = NULL
)Arguments
- data
A data frame, tibble, or a single vector.
- ...
Optional: unquoted variable names (tidyselect supported). If empty, converts all factor columns.
- use_labels
If
TRUE(default), attempts to use the numeric value of factor levels (e.g., level"3"becomes3). IfFALSE, uses sequential integers (1, 2, 3, ...).- start_at
If not
NULL, the lowest numeric value in the output starts at this number. Default:NULL(use original values).- keep_labels
If
TRUE, the former factor levels are stored as value labels on the result. Default:FALSE.- use.labels, start.at, keep.labels
Defunct dot-case argument names, removed in mariposa 0.6.9. Calling the function with any of them is an error; use the snake_case equivalents instead. (The formals are retained only so that the old names error clearly instead of being swallowed by
....)
Value
The input with variables converted to numeric. For single vector input, returns a numeric vector.
Details
This function handles three input types:
Numeric factors (levels like
"1","2","3"): Extracts the numeric values from the level names.Text factors (levels like
"Male","Female"): Converts to sequential integers by default; useuse_labels = FALSEto force this behavior even for numeric-looking levels.haven_labelled: Extracts the underlying numeric vector, stripping the labelled class.
See also
to_label() for the reverse (numeric → factor),
to_labelled() for creating labelled vectors
Other labels:
copy_labels(),
drop_labels(),
find_var(),
set_na(),
to_character(),
to_label(),
to_labelled(),
unlabel(),
val_labels(),
var_label()
Examples
# Numeric factor levels → numeric
x <- factor(c("1", "3", "5", "3"))
to_numeric(x)
#> [1] 1 3 5 3
# [1] 1 3 5 3
# Sequential integers
to_numeric(x, use_labels = FALSE)
#> [1] 1 2 3 2
# [1] 1 2 3 2
# Haven labelled → plain numeric
to_numeric(survey_data$life_satisfaction)
#> [1] 4 3 2 2 4 4 3 3 4 3 1 1 2 5 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 5 1 5
#> [25] 5 2 5 4 5 5 3 3 2 3 5 1 NA 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 3
#> [49] 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 4 4 2 5 2 5 4 2 2 5 2 5 5 3 5 NA
#> [73] 2 5 3 2 5 3 5 4 5 2 5 5 5 4 4 NA 5 4 4 5 3 4 3 4
#> [97] 2 NA 5 4 1 4 1 3 4 3 4 2 4 2 4 3 NA 5 2 5 NA 4 4 5
#> [121] 5 3 3 1 3 1 4 4 5 4 4 NA 5 2 3 5 5 4 5 2 3 5 5 5
#> [145] 3 4 5 5 3 5 4 4 5 5 5 2 4 5 3 3 4 4 2 4 5 4 2 1
#> [169] 5 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 3 2 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 NA 2 1 4
#> [193] 4 5 4 4 5 4 2 4 5 1 NA 4 4 NA 1 3 3 5 4 5 3 3 NA 3
#> [217] 4 5 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 5 5 5 2 5 NA 5 5
#> [241] 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 4 3 5 3 NA 5 5 1 2 5
#> [265] 4 2 2 3 4 1 4 5 5 1 3 4 5 4 3 5 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 3
#> [289] 1 4 3 5 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 2 3 2 3 3 5 4 3 5 4 3 3 3
#> [313] 5 4 3 3 3 NA 5 3 3 1 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 5 2 4 4 5
#> [337] 5 4 3 3 5 5 4 3 5 4 2 2 4 5 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 2
#> [361] 5 2 3 3 4 4 5 4 5 5 2 5 5 4 5 1 NA 4 2 4 3 5 3 2
#> [385] 3 3 2 3 3 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 4 2 4 4 5 1 1 4 4 3 5
#> [409] 4 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 4 5 3 1 3 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4
#> [433] 3 4 2 3 4 3 1 4 2 4 5 2 3 3 4 5 NA 4 4 5 5 4 2 1
#> [457] 1 3 3 4 NA 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 4 3 2 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 5 4
#> [481] 1 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 2 5 5 2 5 4 3 2 3 4
#> [505] 4 2 2 5 2 2 4 4 5 3 1 4 3 5 4 5 NA 3 2 5 1 3 3 5
#> [529] 3 4 2 2 3 5 5 3 4 2 5 5 4 5 1 4 5 2 4 5 2 NA 4 4
#> [553] 5 4 4 2 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 3 5 3 4 5 4 3 5 1 4
#> [577] 4 5 1 4 3 5 3 4 NA 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 3 5 5 4 3 4 4
#> [601] 3 5 2 5 2 4 5 3 5 2 3 4 3 4 1 4 4 4 5 4 5 3 5 5
#> [625] 3 4 4 5 3 3 5 5 4 5 3 4 2 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 4 4
#> [649] 1 4 2 4 4 5 NA 1 2 4 5 4 4 NA 4 3 5 5 4 5 2 3 5 3
#> [673] 5 3 4 5 4 4 5 3 3 4 2 5 4 3 2 5 3 3 4 1 5 3 4 4
#> [697] 4 3 4 4 1 4 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 4 1 1 3 3 5 NA 3 5 4
#> [721] 5 5 5 3 5 1 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 5 5 2 5 5 4 3 1 5 3
#> [745] 3 3 3 2 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 3 3 3 5 5 NA 4
#> [769] 1 1 3 5 4 5 3 4 2 3 2 5 2 5 5 3 3 5 5 4 5 4 5 3
#> [793] 4 4 3 3 5 4 5 3 3 3 NA 4 3 4 3 4 1 3 4 5 1 5 NA 2
#> [817] 3 2 1 5 5 4 5 3 3 5 3 5 1 4 1 5 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 3
#> [841] 4 5 2 5 5 1 3 2 3 2 4 NA 5 3 4 3 5 2 3 4 5 5 4 5
#> [865] 5 3 4 5 4 2 3 1 4 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 5 3 2 4 5 5 4 4
#> [889] 4 2 4 3 1 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 NA 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 4
#> [913] 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 2 3 5 3 5 2 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 5
#> [937] 2 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 4 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 5 5 4 5 4 5
#> [961] 3 2 5 2 5 3 1 4 2 NA 3 3 2 5 3 2 5 3 4 3 3 4 3 4
#> [985] 2 5 2 2 3 5 3 5 4 4 4 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 4
#> [1009] 5 4 5 3 4 NA 2 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4 3 5 4
#> [1033] 5 3 5 3 NA 1 5 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 5 NA 2 3 5 5 1
#> [1057] 2 5 5 4 3 1 3 5 2 3 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 NA 4 4 2 5 2 4
#> [1081] 5 2 3 4 4 3 2 5 2 4 5 3 5 3 4 2 5 3 4 5 4 4 3 5
#> [1105] 3 2 3 5 5 NA 5 5 5 3 2 5 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 5 4 3 5 5
#> [1129] 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 3 5 3 5 5 NA 4 1 3 5 3 5 4 NA 4 4 4
#> [1153] 4 5 5 4 3 4 2 4 4 4 5 2 5 5 4 3 3 4 2 4 5 5 1 3
#> [1177] NA 2 5 2 4 3 3 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 3 1 2 4 5 3 2 4 1 4
#> [1201] 3 5 5 4 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 2 2 4 4 5 3 4 1 5
#> [1225] 3 2 1 1 3 5 5 5 4 2 4 4 2 2 NA 4 2 5 5 4 5 4 3 3
#> [1249] 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 NA 5 4 2 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 4 3 5 5
#> [1273] 5 2 5 4 4 4 4 NA 5 5 5 4 NA 4 4 5 NA 3 2 5 3 2 4 4
#> [1297] 3 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 2 4 2 3 4 4 4 2 5 3 3 4 4 4 NA 4
#> [1321] 3 5 3 5 NA 4 5 3 5 2 2 5 3 5 4 4 5 4 2 5 4 1 4 3
#> [1345] 4 3 2 2 4 1 4 5 5 4 5 4 1 2 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 1
#> [1369] 4 3 3 5 3 5 4 5 3 5 4 4 4 3 NA 5 3 4 3 1 5 5 3 3
#> [1393] 4 2 4 5 2 4 4 3 5 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 NA 5 4 2 2 2 4 4
#> [1417] 5 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 2 2 NA 4 5 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 4 4 5
#> [1441] 3 5 5 2 3 3 3 5 4 5 2 5 3 4 3 4 5 1 4 NA 4 3 5 4
#> [1465] 3 5 4 3 5 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 5 4 3 2 4 2 2 5 4 3 3
#> [1489] 5 4 4 2 4 2 5 5 3 2 4 4 4 4 1 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
#> [1513] 5 5 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 3 5 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 2 2 4 5 3
#> [1537] 3 3 3 4 3 2 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 4 1 4 4 3 2 3
#> [1561] 2 1 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 4 2 NA 5 4 5 2 3 2 3 4 5 3
#> [1585] 4 2 4 4 3 3 2 5 4 2 NA 2 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 2
#> [1609] 2 3 3 4 5 NA 5 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 2 4 5 3 3 5 4 5 5
#> [1633] 4 1 3 4 3 5 5 3 4 NA 4 4 4 2 5 2 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 4
#> [1657] 3 5 3 4 5 4 5 2 3 5 3 5 4 4 2 4 1 3 5 4 5 3 5 1
#> [1681] 4 5 3 4 4 2 2 5 3 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 3 3 3 2 5 4 1 4
#> [1705] 2 NA 5 4 4 3 2 4 3 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 5 5 2 3 NA 4 3
#> [1729] 2 1 3 3 2 4 NA 1 4 5 2 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 3 5 3 NA 5 3
#> [1753] 4 4 3 5 5 2 3 4 4 5 3 5 2 5 5 4 4 5 4 3 3 4 4 5
#> [1777] 3 4 1 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 NA 5 3 5 5 5
#> [1801] 5 3 5 3 4 NA 2 5 3 2 4 5 3 1 4 4 3 1 2 3 4 4 5 5
#> [1825] 5 2 4 4 5 1 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 4 5 3 2 5 NA 5 5 3
#> [1849] 4 2 5 1 4 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 NA 3 1 4 4 4 3 3
#> [1873] 3 4 4 5 5 3 4 NA 4 3 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 4
#> [1897] 3 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 1 5 2 5 3 5 NA 5 2 5 2 4 1 2 5 3
#> [1921] 4 3 2 3 2 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 2 5 5 4 2 2 5 5 4
#> [1945] 3 5 NA 2 3 4 3 2 4 5 1 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 4 2 2 3 2 4
#> [1969] 5 4 5 1 5 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 4 5 5 4 2 3 3 5 4 NA 5 5
#> [1993] 3 5 5 1 3 4 3 2 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 5 4
#> [2017] 5 3 2 3 5 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 5 3 2 4 5 2 4 NA 4 4 3 3
#> [2041] 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 2 4 3 3 5 2 5 3 1 3
#> [2065] 5 1 4 4 4 5 5 3 5 4 4 3 5 5 3 5 4 4 3 4 5 2 5 4
#> [2089] 4 4 3 3 4 1 4 3 1 3 3 5 4 4 5 2 3 1 5 4 3 5 1 4
#> [2113] 5 5 4 NA 1 5 5 4 4 2 5 4 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 3 3 5
#> [2137] 5 5 2 2 3 3 4 5 4 5 1 5 2 4 3 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 5 4
#> [2161] 2 5 3 5 4 5 2 3 5 5 5 3 4 2 5 4 4 5 1 5 NA 4 5 3
#> [2185] 2 4 4 4 3 2 5 4 3 4 4 4 5 2 NA 4 3 3 3 5 2 3 2 3
#> [2209] 4 3 4 5 NA 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 5 4 4 5 2 1
#> [2233] 5 4 2 1 3 3 4 5 4 5 2 5 5 5 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 5 4 5
#> [2257] 4 3 4 5 3 4 2 5 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 2 5 NA 4
#> [2281] 5 5 3 4 NA 5 3 5 1 3 2 4 5 5 5 2 4 3 1 3 3 5 3 3
#> [2305] 2 4 2 5 2 5 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 4 2 NA 2 NA 3 2 3 3 3
#> [2329] 4 4 5 2 4 3 1 2 3 3 2 4 1 4 NA 4 4 3 NA 3 2 5 4 5
#> [2353] 3 3 1 4 2 5 4 1 4 2 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 2 4
#> [2377] NA 1 5 5 1 1 4 3 4 5 3 2 5 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 3
#> [2401] 4 2 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 NA 5 5 4 4
#> [2425] 4 4 3 5 5 3 5 4 4 2 4 5 3 2 4 5 5 5 3 3 4 2 3 5
#> [2449] 3 4 NA 5 5 5 4 3 3 4 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 5 2 4 4 4 3 4
#> [2473] 5 3 4 2 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 2 5 4 4 NA 5 1 5 4 4
#> [2497] 2 4 2 4